Adaptation 適應(yīng)

The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.

適應(yīng)是一種針對實際或預(yù)期氣候及其影響的調(diào)整過程。在人類系統(tǒng)中，適應(yīng)旨在減輕或避免傷害，或者利用有益的機會。在某些自然系統(tǒng)中，人類干預(yù)可能促進對預(yù)期氣候及其影響的調(diào)整。

Aerosol 氣溶膠

A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between a few nanometres and 10 μm that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: through both interactions that scatter and/or absorb radiation and through interactions with cloud microphysics and other cloud properties, or upon deposition on snow or ice covered surfaces thereby altering their albedo and contributing to climate feedback.

懸浮在大氣中至少數(shù)小時的固體或液體顆粒的懸浮物，其典型尺寸在幾納米到10微米之間。氣溶膠可以是自然生成的，也可以是人為產(chǎn)生的。氣溶膠通過多種途徑影響氣候，包括輻射的散射和/或吸收相互作用，與云微物理和其他云特性的相互作用，以及在積雪或冰覆蓋表面沉積，從而改變它們的反照率并對氣候反饋產(chǎn)生影響。

Afforestation 造林

Afforestation is the process of planting trees in areas that have not been forested in recent history. Afforestation helps restore abandoned and degraded agricultural lands, prevent desertification, create carbon sinks, and generate new economic opportunities for local communities.

是在過去未被森林覆蓋的區(qū)域種植樹木的過程。造林有助于恢復(fù)被遺棄和退化的農(nóng)業(yè)土地，防止沙漠化，創(chuàng)造碳匯，并為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)提供新的經(jīng)濟機會。

Atmosphere 大氣

The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth, divided into five layers — the troposphere which contains half of the Earth’s atmosphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere, which is the outer limit of the atmosphere. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93 % volume mixing ratio), helium and radiatively active greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO?) (0.04% volume mixing ratio) and ozone (O?). In addition, the atmosphere contains the GHG water vapour (H?O),whose amounts are highly variable but typically around 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols. See also Carbon dioxide (CO?), Ozone(O?), Troposphere, Stratosphere, Greenhouse gas (GHG), and Hydrological cycle.

大氣，是圍繞地球的氣體包層，分為五層–對流層(占地球大氣的一半)、平流層、中間層、熱層和外逸層(大氣的外緣)。干大氣幾乎完全由氮(占體積混合比的78.1%)和氧(占體積混合比的20.9%)構(gòu)成，還包括一些微量氣體，如氬(占體積混合比的0.93%)、氦以及對輻射有影響的溫室氣體(GHGs)，如二氧化碳(CO?)(占體積混合比的0.035%)和臭氧(O?)。此外，大氣包括溫室氣體(GHG)水汽(H?O)，它的含量變化很大，但通常約占體積混合比的1%。

Anthropogenic emissions 人為排放

Emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs), precursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities.These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land-use changes (LUC), livestock production, fertilisation,waste management, and industrial processes. See also Anthropogenic removals.

人類活動引起的溫室氣體、溫室氣體前體和氣溶膠的排放。這些活動包括燃燒化石燃料、砍伐森林（deforestation）、土地利用（land use）和土地利用的變化（land-use changes (LUC)）、畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)、施肥、廢物管理和工業(yè)過程。

Anthropogenic removals 人為去除

The withdrawal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere as a result of deliberate human activities. These include enhancing biological sinks of CO? and using chemical engineering to achieve long term removal and storage. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from industrial and energy-related sources, which alone does not remove CO? from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO? if it is combined with bioenergy production (BECCS).

由人類有意開展的撤離大氣中溫室氣體（GHGs）的過程。這些活動包括增強CO?的生物吸收和利用化學(xué)工程實現(xiàn)長期去除和儲存。從工業(yè)和能源相關(guān)源捕獲和儲存二氧化碳（CCS），單獨而言并未將CO?從大氣中去除，但如果與生物能源生產(chǎn)（BECCS）結(jié)合使用，可以幫助減少大氣中的CO?。

Avoided emissions 規(guī)避排放

Avoided emissions refer to the "positive" impact on society when comparing the GHG impact of a solution to an alternative reference scenario (see Section 4 of Guidance on Avoided Emissions for the detailed calculation). An avoided emission is thus the difference between GHG emissions that occur or will occur (the "solution") and GHG emissions that would have occurred without the solution (that of the reference scenario). GHG emissions of both the solution and the reference shall be assessed throughout their entire life cycle. Unlike GHG inventory assessments, which focus on the variation of a company’s inventory emissions between two points over time, avoided emissions focus on the difference in emissions between two scenarios – one associated with the solution (the one that will be taking place), and one associated with the reference scenario, calculated for a specified time interval.

規(guī)避排放是指在比較解決方案的溫室氣體（GHG）影響與替代參考情景時，對社會產(chǎn)生的“積極”影響（詳見wbcsd：Guidance on Avoided Emissions第4節(jié)的詳細計算）。因此，規(guī)避排放是指考慮整個生命周期，解決方案導(dǎo)致的溫室氣體排放與在沒有解決方案的情況下可能發(fā)生的溫室氣體排放（即參考情景）之間的差異。解決方案和參考情景的溫室氣體排放應(yīng)該在它們的整個生命周期內(nèi)進行評估。與溫室氣體清單評估側(cè)重于公司清單排放在兩個時間點之間的變化的情況不同，規(guī)避排放關(guān)注的是兩種情景之間排放的差異，一種情景與解決方案相關(guān)（即將發(fā)生的情況），另一種情景與參考情景相關(guān)，計算適定時間間隔內(nèi)的情況。

Baseline 基準線

Quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and/or GHG removals of a subject for a base period. Note 1 to entry: The baseline is used when quantifying changes in the carbon footprint over time and towards targets in the carbon neutrality management plan. Note 2 to entry: In a case where the base period cannot be determined, e.g. for a one-off event, the baseline can be estimated on the basis of a reference situation that best represents the conditions most likely to occur in the absence of climate change mitigation activities.

基準線，即主體（subject）在基準期內(nèi)的溫室氣體（GHG）排放和/或溫室氣體去除的數(shù)量。 注釋1：基準線用于量化隨時間變化的碳足跡（carbon footprint）以及達到碳中和管理計劃中的目標。 注釋2：在無法確定基準線的情況下，例如一次性事件，基準可以根據(jù)最能代表在沒有減緩氣候變化（climate change mitigation）活動的情況下，最有可能發(fā)生的條件來估算。

Base period 基期

Specific, historical period identified for the purpose of comparing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or GHG removals or other GHG-related information over time.

為了比較隨時間變化的溫室氣體（GHG）排放、GHG去除（GHG removals）或其他GHG相關(guān)信息的特定時期。

Blue economy 藍色經(jīng)濟

The "blue economy" concept seeks to promote economic development, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas. Blue economy has diverse components, including established traditional ocean industries such as fisheries, tourism, and maritime transport, but also new and emerging activities, such as offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities, and marine biotechnology.

“藍色經(jīng)濟”旨在推動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、社會包容，同時確保海洋和沿海地區(qū)的環(huán)境可持續(xù)性，以維護或改善生計。藍色經(jīng)濟包括多元的組成部分，包括傳統(tǒng)的海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)，如漁業(yè)、旅游和海運，同時也包括新興活動，如海上可再生能源、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖、海底開采活動和海洋生物技術(shù)。

Blue carbon 藍碳

All biologically-driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management can be considered as blue carbon. Coastal blue carbon focuses on rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses. These ecosystems have high carbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon in their soils and sediments. They provide many non-climatic benefits and can contribute to ecosystem-based adaptation. If degraded or lost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems are likely to release most of their carbon back to the atmosphere. There is current debate regarding the application of the blue carbon concept to other coastal and non-coastal processes and ecosystems, including the open ocean.

所有在海洋系統(tǒng)中受管理的生物驅(qū)動的碳通量和儲存都可以被視為藍碳。沿海藍碳側(cè)重于沿海地區(qū)的有根植被，如潮汐沼澤、紅樹林和海草。這些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在單位面積上具有較高的碳埋藏率，并在它們的土壤和沉積物中積累碳。它們提供許多非氣候利益，并可以促進基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)。如果受損或喪失，沿海藍碳生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可能會釋放大部分碳返回大氣中。目前關(guān)于將藍碳概念應(yīng)用于其他沿海和非沿海過程和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)（包括公海）存在爭議。

Black carbon 黑碳

A relatively pure form of carbon, also known as soot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass. It stays in the atmosphere only for days or weeks. Black carbon is a climate forcing agent with strong warming effect, both in the atmosphere and when deposited on snow or ice. See also Atmosphere, and Aerosol.

黑碳是一種相對純凈的碳形式，也被稱為煤煙，產(chǎn)生于化石燃料、生物燃料和生物質(zhì)的不完全燃燒過程。它在大氣中只停留數(shù)天或數(shù)周。黑碳是一種氣候強迫劑，具有強烈的增暖效應(yīng)，無論是在大氣中還是在積雪或冰上沉積時。另請參閱大氣和氣溶膠。

Boundary 邊界

<organization> grouping of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or GHG removals reported from within the organizational boundary as well as those significant indirect GHG emissions that are a consequence of the organization’s operations and activities. Note 1 to entry: "Organizational boundary" and "significant indirect GHG emissions" are defined in ISO 14064-1. Note 2 to entry: In this document, the term "boundary" is equivalent to "reporting boundary" in ISO 14064-1.

邊界，組織的溫室氣體（GHG）排放或GHG去除的匯總，包括來自組織邊界內(nèi)的以及作為組織運營和活動結(jié)果的那些重要的間接GHG排放。 注釋1：ISO 14064-1中定義了“組織邊界”和“重要的間接溫室氣體排放”。 注釋2：在本文件中，“邊界”一詞等同于ISO 14064-1中的“報告邊界”。

Cancún Agreements 坎昆協(xié)議

A set of decisions adopted at the 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including the following, among others: the newly established Green Climate Fund (GCF), a newly established technology mechanism, a process for advancing discussions on adaptation, a formal process for reporting mitigation commitments, a goal of limiting global mean surface temperature increase to 2°C and an agreement on MRV—Measurement, Reporting and Verification for those countries that receive international support for their mitigation efforts. {WGIII}

在聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約(UNFCCC)第16次締約方大會(COP)上通過的一系列決定，其中包括以下內(nèi)容 新設(shè)立的綠色氣候基金(GCF)、新建立的技術(shù)機制、一個推動有關(guān)適應(yīng)討論的進程、一個報告減緩承諾的正式程序、一項把全球地表平均溫度升幅限制在2°C以內(nèi)的全球目標，以及一項針對那些在減緩努力方面接受國際支持國家的有關(guān)測量、報告和核查(MRV)的協(xié)議。

Carbon budget 碳預(yù)算

This term refers to three concepts in the literature: (1) an assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a global level, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement emissions, land-use change emissions, ocean and land CO? sinks, and the resulting atmospheric CO? growth rate. This is referred to as the global carbon budget; (2) the estimated cumulative amount of global carbon dioxide emissions that that is estimated to limit global surface temperature to a given level above a reference period, taking into account global surface temperature contributions of other GHGs and climate forcers; (3) the distribution of the carbon budget defined under (2) to the regional, national, or sub-national level based on considerations of equity, costs or efficiency. See also Remaining carbon budget.

碳預(yù)算涉及(1) 通過綜合研究化石燃料和水泥排放、土地利用變化排放、海洋和陸地CO?吸收以及由此產(chǎn)生的大氣CO?增長速率，對全球碳循環(huán)的來源和匯進行評估。這被稱為全球碳預(yù)算；(2)估計全球二氧化碳累積排放量，據(jù)估計這將限制全球表面溫度在給定參考期以上的水平，考慮其他溫室氣體和氣候因子對全球表面溫度的貢獻；(3)根據(jù)公平性、成本或效率的考慮，將在(2)下定義的碳預(yù)算分配到區(qū)域、國家或亞國家水平。另請參閱剩余碳預(yù)算。

Carbon capture 碳捕獲

Carbon capture and storage is the process of trapping carbon emissions produced by fossil fuel power plants or other industrial processes before they can enter our atmosphere by storing them deep underground. Carbon capture and storage should not be seen as an alternative to the green energy transition, but it has been proposed as a way to tackle emissions from sectors that are difficult to decarbonize, particularly heavy industries like cement, steel, and chemicals.

碳捕獲與儲存是一種在化石燃料電廠或其他工業(yè)過程產(chǎn)生的碳排放進入大氣之前，通過將其儲存在地下深處來捕獲的過程。碳捕獲與儲存不應(yīng)被視為綠色能源轉(zhuǎn)型的替代方案，但已被提議作為應(yīng)對難以脫碳的部門（尤其是水泥、鋼鐵和化工等重工業(yè)）排放的一種方式。

Carbon credit 碳信用

Tradeable certificate representing one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent from GHG emission reductions or GHG removal enhancements. Note 1 to entry: An entity can retire a carbon credit without using it for offsetting. Note 2 to entry: Carbon credits can be of different types: avoidance credits, reduction credits or removal credits. Note 3 to entry: Carbon credits used for carbon neutrality claims are generated outside the boundary of the subject.

碳信用，可交易的證書，代表來自溫室氣體排放減少（GHG emission reductions）或溫室氣體去除增強（GHG removal enhancements）的一噸二氧化碳當(dāng)量（carbon dioxide equivalent ）。 注釋1：實體（entity ）可以在不將碳信用用于抵消的情況下注銷一份碳信用（offsetting）。 注釋2：碳信用可以分為不同類型：避免信用、減少信用或去除信用。 注釋3：用于碳中和聲明（carbon neutrality claims）的碳信用是在主體（subject）邊界（boundary）外生成的。

Climate crisis 氣候危機

The climate crisis refers to the serious problems that are being caused, or are likely to be caused, by changes in the planet’s climate, including weather extremes and natural disasters, ocean acidification and sea-level rise, loss of biodiversity, food and water insecurity, health risks, economic disruption, displacement, and even violent conflict. Since the 1800s, human activities have caused the Earth’s average temperature to increase by about 1.2° C – with more than two-thirds of this warming occurring since 1975. This is already causing significant damage to human societies and natural ecosystems in many parts of the world. More than 3 billion people live in places that are very vulnerable to the climate crisis, with lower income countries being disproportionately affected.

氣候危機指的是由地球氣候變化引起或可能引起的嚴重問題，包括極端天氣和自然災(zāi)害、海洋酸化和海平面上升、生物多樣性喪失、糧食和水資源不安全、健康風(fēng)險、經(jīng)濟混亂、人口遷徙，甚至暴力沖突。 自19世紀以來，人類活動導(dǎo)致地球平均溫度上升約1.2攝氏度，其中三分之二以上的升溫發(fā)生在1975年以后。這已經(jīng)對世界許多地區(qū)的人類社會和自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成了嚴重破壞。超過30億人口生活在非常容易受到氣候危機影響的地方，低收入國家受到的影響尤為嚴重。

Carbon crediting programme 碳信用計劃

Greenhouse gas (GHG) programme that issues carbon credits . Note 1 to entry: The carbon credits shall conform to the criteria established by the programme as well as the requirements of this document (see ISO 14068-1:2023 Clause 11).

發(fā)行碳信用的溫室氣體計劃（GHG programme）。 注釋1：碳信用必須符合計劃制定的標準，同時符合本文件的要求（參見ISO 14068-1:2023第11條款）。

Carbon cycle 碳循環(huán)

The term used to describe the flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide (CO?), carbon in biomass, and carbon dissolved in the ocean as carbonate and bicarbonate) through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, terrestrial and marine biosphere and lithosphere.

這個術(shù)語用于描述碳（各種形式存在的，例如二氧化碳（CO?）、生物質(zhì)中的碳以及海洋中以碳酸鹽和碳酸氫根形式存在的碳）在大氣層、水圈、陸地和海洋生物圈以及巖石圈中的流動。

Carbon dioxide (CO?) 二氧化碳

A naturally occurring gas, CO? is also a by product of burning fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), of burning biomass, of land-use changes (LUC) and of industrial processes (e.g., cement production). It is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earth’s radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other GHGs are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1. See also Greenhouse gas (GHG), Land use, and Land-use change.

二氧化碳（CO?）是一種自然存在的氣體，也是燃燒化石燃料（如石油、天然氣和煤炭）、燃燒生物質(zhì)、土地利用變化（LUC）和工業(yè)過程（例如水泥生產(chǎn)）的副產(chǎn)品。它是主要的人為產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體（GHG），影響地球的輻射平衡。它是其他溫室氣體測量的參考氣體，因此具有1的全球變暖潛力（GWP）。另請參閱溫室氣體（GHG）、土地利用和土地利用變化。

Carbon dioxide equivalent（CO?e） 二氧化碳當(dāng)量

Unit for expressing the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas (GHG) in relation to that of carbon dioxide. Note 1 to entry: The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated by multiplying the mass of a given GHG by its global warming potential.

二氧化碳當(dāng)量（CO?e）是用于表示與二氧化碳相比的溫室氣體（GHG）輻射強迫的單位。(二氧化碳當(dāng)量的計算是通過將給定GHG的質(zhì)量乘以其全球變暖潛能(GWP)來實現(xiàn)。)

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) 碳捕獲與儲存

A process in which a relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide (CO?) from industrial and energy-related sources is separated (captured), conditioned, compressed and transported to a storage location for long-term isolation from the atmosphere. Sometimes referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage. See also Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation(CCU), Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS), and Sequestration.

碳捕獲與儲存是一種過程，通過該過程，從工業(yè)和能源相關(guān)源產(chǎn)生的相對純凈的二氧化碳（CO?）流被分離、處理、壓縮，然后運輸?shù)絻Υ嫖恢茫詫崿F(xiàn)對其在大氣中的長期隔離。有時也被稱為碳捕獲與儲存（Carbon Capture and Storage）。另外，還請參閱二氧化碳捕獲與利用（CCU）、具有二氧化碳捕獲和儲存的生物能源（BECCS）以及封存。

Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU) 碳捕獲與利用

A process in which carbon dioxide (CO?) is captured and then used to produce a new product. If the CO? is stored in a product for a climate-relevant time horizon, this is referred to as carbon dioxide capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). Only then, and only combined with CO? recently removed from the atmosphere, can CCUS lead to carbon dioxide removal. CCU is sometimes referred to as Carbon dioxide capture and use. See also Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS).

碳捕獲與利用是一種過程，其中二氧化碳（CO?）被捕獲然后用于生產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品。如果CO?在產(chǎn)品中儲存并具有與氣候相關(guān)的時間跨度，這被稱為二氧化碳捕獲、利用和儲存（CCUS）。只有在這種情況下，并且只有與最近從大氣中去除的CO?結(jié)合使用時，CCUS才能實現(xiàn)二氧化碳的去除。另請參閱二氧化碳捕獲與儲存（CCS）。

Carbon dioxide capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) 碳捕獲、利用與儲存

See Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU).

參見二氧化碳捕獲和利用（CCU）。

Carbon footprint 碳足跡

Sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and GHG removals of the subject (organization or product )expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents.

個人、組織或產(chǎn)品的溫室氣體排放（GHG emissions reduction）和溫室氣體去除（carbon removal）之和，以二氧化碳當(dāng)量（ carbon dioxide equivalents）表示。

Carbon footprint of a product （CFP） 產(chǎn)品碳足跡

Sum of GHG emissions and GHG removals in a product system , expressed as CO?e quivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of climate change. Note 1 to entry: A CFP can be disaggregated into a set of figures identifying specific GHG emissions and removals. A CFP can also be disaggregated into the stages of the life cycle. Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of the CFP are documented in the CFP study report expressed in mass of CO?e per functional unit .

在產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)中，溫室氣體（GHG）排放和溫室氣體去除的總和，以二氧化碳當(dāng)量為單位，并基于氣候變化的單一影響類別進行的生命周期評估計算。 注1：碳足跡可以細分為一組數(shù)字，用于確定特定的溫室氣體排放和去除。碳足跡也可以細分為生命周期的各個階段。 注2：碳足跡的量化結(jié)果記錄在碳足跡研究報告中，以每功能單元的CO?e質(zhì)量為單位表達。

Carbon farming 碳農(nóng)業(yè)

Carbon farming refers to sequestering and storing carbon and/or reducing greenhouse gas emissions at farm level. It offers significant but uncertain mitigation potential in the EU, can deliver co-benefits to farmers and society, but also carries risks that need to be managed.

碳農(nóng)業(yè)是指在農(nóng)場層面封存和儲存碳和/或減少溫室氣體排放。在歐盟，碳農(nóng)業(yè)具有顯著但不確定的減緩潛力，可以為農(nóng)民和社會提供共同利益，但也帶有需要管理的風(fēng)險。

Carbon finance 碳金融

Carbon finance is the generic name for the revenue streams generated by projects from the sale of their greenhouse gas emission reductions, or from trading in carbon permits.

碳金融是指出售溫室氣體減排量或參與碳排放許可證交易，并從中獲得現(xiàn)金流收支的活動的統(tǒng)稱。

Carbon markets 碳市場

Carbon markets are trading schemes that create financial incentives for activities that reduce or remove greenhouse gas emissions. In these schemes, emissions are quantified into carbon credits that can be bought and sold. One tradable carbon credit equals one tonne of carbon dioxide, or the equivalent amount of a different greenhouse gas reduced, sequestered or avoided.

碳市場是創(chuàng)造金融激勵以減少或清除溫室氣體排放的交易方案。在這些方案中，排放被量化成可以買賣的碳信用額度。一個可交易的碳信用額度等于一噸二氧化碳，或者等于減少、封存或避免的其他溫室氣體相應(yīng)數(shù)量。

Carbon neutral 碳中和

Condition in which, during a specified period of time, the carbon footprint has been reduced as a result of greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reductions or GHG removal enhancements and, if greater than zero, is then counterbalanced by offsetting. Note 1 to entry: Carbon credits used for offsetting shall meet certain criteria (see ISO 14068-1:2023 Clause 11) and are only used after GHG emission reductions and GHG removal enhancements have been made in line with the carbon neutrality management plan. Note 2 to entry: The specified period of time is a finite number of years, for organizations, or the full or partial life cycle, for products.

碳中和，在指定的一段時間內(nèi)，由于溫室氣體（GHG emission ）排放減少或溫室氣體去除（GHG removal）增強使碳足跡（carbon footprint）減少。如果減少值大于零，則通過抵消（offsetting）來平衡。 注釋1：用于抵消的碳信用須符合一定的標準（參見ISO 14068-1:2023 第11條），僅在與碳中和管理計劃一致的溫室氣體減排和溫室氣體去除增強之后使用。 注釋2：對于組織來說，指定的時間期限是有限的年數(shù)；對于產(chǎn)品來說，是完整或部分的生命周期。

Carbon neutrality 碳中性

State of being carbon neutral. Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) distinguishes between carbon neutrality, a condition in which CO?emissions are balanced by CO? removals, and greenhouse gas (GHG) neutrality, in which all GHG emissions are balanced by GHG removals. The definition of carbon neutrality in this document is equivalent to the IPCC definition of GHG neutrality.

是指處于碳中和（carbon neutral）的狀態(tài)。 （注1:氣候變化政府間專門委員會（IPCC）區(qū)分碳中和（carbon neutrality）與溫室氣體中和（GHG neutrlity），前者為二氧化碳排放與二氧化碳去除相平衡的狀態(tài)，后者為所有溫室氣體排放（GHG emissions）與溫室氣體去除（GHG removals）相平衡的狀態(tài)。

Carbon offsets 碳抵消

Carbon offsets are tradable “rights” or certificates linked to activities that lower the amount of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere. By buying these certificates, a person or group can fund projects that fight climate change, instead of taking actions to lower their own carbon emissions. In this way, the certificates “offset” the buyer’s CO(2) emissions with an equal amount of CO(2) reductions somewhere else.

碳抵消是與降低大氣中二氧化碳（CO?）數(shù)量相關(guān)的可交易的“權(quán)利”或證書。通過購買這些證書，個人或團體可以資助旨在對抗氣候變化的項目，而無需采取降低自身碳排放的行動。通過這種方式，證書在其他地方以相等數(shù)量的CO?減排“抵消”了購買者的CO?排放。

Carbon sequestration 碳封存

The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. See also Blue carbon, Carbon dioxide capture and storage(CCS), and Sink.

將碳儲存到碳庫中的過程。另請參閱藍碳（Blue carbon）、二氧化碳捕獲與儲存（CCUS）、吸收和匯（Sink）。

Carbon sink 碳匯

A carbon sink is any process, activity, or mechanism that absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases. Forests, oceans, and soil are the world’s largest natural carbon sinks. Oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through marine ecosystems and the plant and animal life they harbor. Sequestering carbon in marine ecosystems is generally referred to as blue carbon. Forests and soil are the other main natural carbon sinks of the planet, storing carbon in trees and vegetation, wetlands and peat bogs, and plant litter.

碳匯是指任何吸收大氣中二氧化碳多于釋放的過程、活動或機制。森林、海洋和土壤是世界上最大的自然碳匯。海洋通過海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和它們所包含的植物和動物吸收大氣中的二氧化碳。在海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中儲存碳通常被稱為藍碳。森林和土壤是地球上其他主要的自然碳匯，通過樹木和植被、濕地和泥炭沼澤以及植物凋落物來儲存碳。

Carbon tax 碳稅

A levy on the carbon content of fossil fuels. Because virtually all of thecarbon in fossil fuels is ultimately emitted as carbon dioxide (CO?), a carbon tax is equivalent to an emission tax on CO?emissions {WGIII}.

對化石燃料的碳含量征稅。由于化石燃料中幾乎所有的碳最終都以二氧化碳（CO?）的形式排放，因此碳稅相當(dāng)于對二氧化碳排放征收排放稅。

Cancún Pledges 坎昆承諾

During 2010, many countries submitted their existing plans for controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the Climate Change Secretariat and these proposals have now been formally acknowledged under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). Developed countries presented their plans in the shape of economy-wide targets to reduce emissions, mainly up to 2020, while developing countries proposed ways to limit their growth of emissions in the shape of plans of action. {WGIII}

許多國家在2010年期間向氣候變化秘書處提交了本國現(xiàn)有的溫室氣體排放控制計劃，這些建議現(xiàn)已在聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約(UNFCCC)下予以了正式承認。工業(yè)化國家以整體經(jīng)濟部門減排目標的形式提出了自身的計劃，時限大多到2020年，而發(fā)展中國家以行動計劃的形式提出了限制排放增長的方式。

Carbon removal 碳去除

Carbon removal is the process of removing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere, through natural solutions such as reforestation and soil management or technological solutions like direct air capture and enhanced mineralization. Carbon removal is not a substitute for cutting greenhouse gas emissions, but it can slow down climate change and is necessary to shorten any period during which we temporarily overshoot our climate targets.

碳去除是通過自然解決方案（如重新造林和土壤管理）或技術(shù)解決方案（如直接空氣捕集和強化礦化）從大氣中去除溫室氣體排放的過程。碳去除并不是減少溫室氣體排放的替代方法，但它可以減緩氣候變化，并且在我們暫時超過氣候目標的任何時期都是必要的。

Certified emission reductions（CERs） 核證減排量

A unit of emission reduction generated by a CDM project. CERs are tradable commodities that can be (CERs) used by Annex 1 countries to meet their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.

CDM 項目產(chǎn)生的減排量單位。CERs 是可被附件一國家履行《京都議定書》減排承諾的可交易商品。

Chinese certified emission reduction（CCER） 中國核證自愿減排量

CCER refers to the quantified and verified greenhouse gas emission reduction effects of specific projects within China, registered in the national voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading registration system. These emission reduction credits can be used for offsetting by regulated entities during compliance or for other purposes.

指對我國境內(nèi)特定項目的溫室氣體減排效果進行量化核證，并在國家溫室氣體自愿減排交易注冊登記系統(tǒng)中登記的溫室氣體減排量，可用于控排企業(yè)清繳履約時的抵消或其他用途。

Clean development mechanism（CDM） 清潔發(fā)展機制

A mechanism established by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol for project-based emission reduction activities in developing countries. The CDM is designed to meet two main objectives: to address the sustainability needs of the host country and to increase the opportunities available to Annex 1 Parties to meet their GHG reduction commitments. The CDM allows for the creation, acquisition and transfer of CERs from climate change mitigation projects undertaken in non-Annex 1 countries.

《京都議定書》第12章中規(guī)定的由發(fā)展中國家參與的基于溫室氣體項目減排的機制。該機制用來實現(xiàn)兩個主要目標 ：實現(xiàn)項目東道國的可持續(xù)發(fā)展并幫助附件一國家以低成本實現(xiàn)減排承諾。清潔發(fā)展機制允許非附件一國家通過減緩氣候變化的項目創(chuàng)造、獲得并交易由項目產(chǎn)生的核證減排量（CERs）。

Circular economy 循環(huán)經(jīng)濟

Circular economy refers to models of production and consumption that minimize waste and reduce pollution, promote sustainable uses of natural resources, and help regenerate nature. Circular economy approaches are all around us. They can be employed in a number of different sectors from textiles to buildings and construction, and at various stages of a product’s lifecycle, including design, manufacturing, distribution, and disposal.

循環(huán)經(jīng)濟是指生產(chǎn)和消費的模式，旨在最小化廢物和減少污染，促進對自然資源的可持續(xù)利用，并幫助實現(xiàn)自然的再生。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的方法無處不在。它們可以在從紡織品到建筑和建設(shè)等多個不同行業(yè)中應(yīng)用，可以在產(chǎn)品的生命周期的各個階段，包括設(shè)計、制造、分銷和處理中使用。

Climate change 氣候變化

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate that are warming the atmosphere, ocean and land. Climate change is affecting the balance of ecosystems that support life and biodiversity, and impacting health. It also causes more extreme weather events, such as more intense and/or frequent hurricanes, floods, heat waves, and droughts, and leads to sea level rise and coastal erosion as a result of ocean warming, melting of glaciers, ad loss of ice sheets.

氣候變化是指地球氣候長期變化，影響大氣、海洋和陸地。氣候變化正在影響支持生命和生物多樣性的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡，并對健康產(chǎn)生影響。它還導(dǎo)致更極端的天氣事件，例如更強烈和/或更頻繁的颶風(fēng)、洪水、熱浪和干旱，以及由于海洋變暖、冰川融化和冰蓋減少而導(dǎo)致的海平面上升和海岸侵蝕。

Climate change mitigation 減緩氣候變化

Human intervention to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or enhance GHG removals.

人類采取措施來減少溫室氣體（GHG）排放或增強GHG去除效果。

Climate finance 氣候金融

Climate finance refers to financial resources and instruments that are used to support action on climate change. Climate finance is critical to addressing climate change because of the large-scale investments that are needed to transition to a low-carbon global economy and to help societies build resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
Climate finance can come from different sources, public or private, national or international, bilateral or multilateral. It can employ different instruments such as grants and donations, green bonds, debt swaps, guarantees, and concessional loans. And it can be used for different activities, including mitigation, adaptation, and resilience-building.

氣候融資是指用于支持應(yīng)對氣候變化的行動的金融資源和工具。由于需要大規(guī)模的投資來實現(xiàn)向低碳全球經(jīng)濟的過渡，并幫助社會增強韌性并適應(yīng)氣候變化的影響，氣候融資對于解決氣候變化至關(guān)重要。
氣候融資可以來自不同的來源，包括公共或私人、國家或國際、雙邊或多邊。它可以采用不同的工具，如贈款和捐贈、綠色債券、債務(wù)置換、擔(dān)保和有利貸款。而且可以用于不同的活動，包括減緩、適應(yīng)和增強韌性。

Climate justice 氣候正義

Climate justice means putting equity and human rights at the core of decision-making and action on climate change.
One aspect of climate justice relates to the unequal historical responsibility that countries bear in relation to the climate crisis. The concept suggests that the countries, industries, and businesses that have become wealthy from activities that emitted the most greenhouse gas emissions have a responsibility to help mitigate the impacts of climate change on those affected, particularly the most vulnerable countries and communities, who often are the ones that have contributed the least to the crisis.

氣候正義意味著將公平和人權(quán)置于決策和應(yīng)對氣候變化行動的核心位置。
氣候正義的一個方面涉及到各國在氣候危機中所承擔(dān)的不平等歷史責(zé)任。該概念表明，那些通過排放最多溫室氣體而變得富裕的國家、產(chǎn)業(yè)和企業(yè)有責(zé)任幫助減緩氣候變化對一些地區(qū)的影響，尤其是對那些最脆弱的國家和社區(qū)的影響，而這些地區(qū)往往是在氣候危機中貢獻最少的。

Climate overshoot 氣候過沖

Under the Paris Agreement, countries are expected to take the necessary measures to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. But even best-case scenarios now indicate a significant chance of overshooting these goals, even if temporarily. Climate overshoot refers to the period during which warming will have increased past 1.5° C, before falling back down. This period will probably occur around the middle of this century, but troubling signs are emerging that it may occur even earlier.
The longer the climate overshoot lasts, the more dangerous the world will become. A prolonged period of higher global temperatures will have devastating and irreversible impacts on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and human communities, particularly in dry areas, coastal zones, and other vulnerable locations. Making deep emission cuts during this decade is of extreme importance to limiting the duration and impacts of the climate overshoot.

根據(jù)《巴黎協(xié)定》，各國被期望采取必要措施，通過將全球變暖控制在2攝氏度以下，并努力將其限制在1.5攝氏度以內(nèi)，以避免危險的氣候變化。但即使在最佳情況下，現(xiàn)在的預(yù)測也表明存在明顯的超過這些目標的可能性，即使是暫時性的。 “氣候過沖”指的是在溫暖程度已經(jīng)超過1.5攝氏度的時期，然后再回落。這一時期可能會在本世紀中葉左右發(fā)生，但令人擔(dān)憂的跡象表明，它甚至可能在更早的時候發(fā)生。 “氣候過沖”的持續(xù)時間越長，世界就會變得越危險。長時間的全球氣溫升高將對自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、生物多樣性和人類社區(qū)產(chǎn)生毀滅性且不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的影響，尤其是在干旱地區(qū)、沿海地帶和其他脆弱地區(qū)。在本十年內(nèi)進行深度減排對于限制氣候超出的持續(xù)時間和影響至關(guān)重要。

Climate security 氣候安全

Climate security refers to evaluating, managing, and reducing the risks to peace and stability brought on by the climate crisis. This means ensuring that climate mitigation and adaptation goes beyond doing no harm and contributes positively to peace and stability. It also means that conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions take climate impacts into account.

氣候安全是指評估、管理和減少由氣候危機帶來的對和平與穩(wěn)定的風(fēng)險。這意味著確保氣候緩解和適應(yīng)不僅僅是防止造成傷害，而且對和平與穩(wěn)定起到積極的貢獻。這還意味著在沖突預(yù)防和和平建設(shè)干預(yù)中考慮氣候影響。

Cradle to gate 從搖籃到大門

All emissions that occur in the life cycle of purchased products, up to the point of receipt by the reporting company (excluding emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting company).

外購產(chǎn)品在其壽命周期中的全部排放，至報告企業(yè)收到的時點為止（不包括由報告企業(yè)擁有或控制的排放源的排放）。

Cradle to cradle 從搖籃到搖籃

“Cradle to Cradle” is about seeing garbage as an eternal resource and doing the right thing from the beginning. It is about making community and product development function in the same way as a healthy ecological system where all resources are used effectively, and in a cyclical way (as opposed to the current linear system that can be better described as a Cradle to Grave system).

“從搖籃到搖籃”意味著將“垃圾”視為永久的資源，從產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)初期就考慮到其最終的走向。它旨在使社區(qū)和產(chǎn)品開發(fā)像健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)一樣運作，確保所有資源都被有效循環(huán)利用，做到整個過程全面監(jiān)管、監(jiān)控。與當(dāng)前線性系統(tǒng)（更像是從搖籃到墳?zāi)沟南到y(tǒng)）形成鮮明對比。

Cradle to grave 從搖籃到墳?zāi)?/h3>

“Cradle to grave” assessment considers impacts at each stage of a product's life-cycle, from the time natural resources are extracted from the ground and processed through each subsequent stage of manufacturing, transportation, product use, and ultimately, disposal.

“從搖籃到墳?zāi)埂痹u估考慮產(chǎn)品生命周期的每個階段的影響，從自然資源從地下提取并經(jīng)過制造的各個后續(xù)階段，包括運輸、產(chǎn)品使用，最終到處理處置。

COP 締約方會議

The annual United Nations conference dedicated to climate change, called “the Conference of the Parties” or “COP,” has been organized under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1995. At the 21st COP, or COP21, which took place in 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed. The conference now brings together all nations who are parties to the Paris Agreement to discuss their next steps to combat climate change and further establish legally binding agreements to support climate action.

自1995年以來，根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）組織了專門討論氣候變化的年度聯(lián)合國會議，稱為“締約方會議”（the Conference of the Parties）或“COP”。在2015年舉行的第21屆締約方會議上，簽署了《巴黎協(xié)定》。COP28將《巴黎協(xié)定》的所有締約國聚集在一起，討論應(yīng)對氣候變化的下一步措施，并進一步制定具有法律約束力的協(xié)議，以支持氣候行動。

Decarbonization 脫碳

Decarbonization means reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that a society produces, as well as increasing the amount that is being absorbed. It entails changing many, if not all, aspects of the economy, from how energy is generated, to how goods and services are produced and delivered, to how buildings are built and how lands are managed.

脫碳意味著減少社會產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體排放，并增加吸收的量。這需要改變經(jīng)濟的許多方面，從能源生成方式到商品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)和交付方式，再到建筑和土地管理方式。

Deforestation 毀林

Conversion of forest to non-forest. For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000b). See also information provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2013) and the report on Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003).

指林地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉橇值?。有關(guān)森林這個術(shù)語以及對與之相關(guān)術(shù)語，如造林、再造林和毀林的討論，參見《IPCC關(guān)于土地利用、土地利用變化與林業(yè)特別報告》(IPCC，2000b)。另見《 聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》(UNFCCC，2013年)以及《IPCC 關(guān)于人類活動直接引起的森林和其它植被退化造成的溫室氣體排放清單的定義和方法學(xué)方案報告》(IPCC，2003年)所提供的信息。

Designated national authority（DNA） 指定國家機構(gòu)

The body granted responsibility by a Party, among other things and where applicable, to issue a letter of approval with respect to CDM project activities or PoAs on behalf of that Party, in accordance with the CDM rules and requirements.

指定國家機構(gòu)（DNA）是締約方授權(quán)和批準參與清潔發(fā)展機制項目的組織。DNA的主要任務(wù)是評估潛在的清潔發(fā)展機制（CDM）項目，以確定它們是否有助于東道國實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標，并向CDM項目的參與方發(fā)放批準函。

Designated operational entity (DOE) 指定運營實體

An entity designated by the CMP, based on a recommendation by the Board, as qualified to validate proposed CDM project activities and PoAs, as well as verify and certify reported GHG emission reductions and net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks.

由CMP根據(jù)董事會的建議指定的機構(gòu)，具備驗證擬議的清潔發(fā)展機制（CDM）項目活動和活動規(guī)劃（PoAs），以及核查和認證報告的溫室氣體排放減少和由匯實現(xiàn)的凈人為溫室氣體去除資格。

Direct emissions 直接排放

GHG emission within the boundary of the subject (organization or product), from GHG sources owned or controlled by the entity.

直接排放，來自實體所擁有或控制的溫室氣體源，發(fā)生在主體（組織或產(chǎn)品）邊界內(nèi)的溫室氣體排放。

Embodied carbon 碳隱藏

Embodied carbon—also known as embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—refers to the amount of GHG emissions associated with upstream—extraction, production, transport, and manufacturing—stages of a product’s life. Many initiatives to track, disclose, and reduce embodied carbon emissions also consider emissions associated with the use of a product and its disposal.

隱含碳指的是與產(chǎn)品或材料在其全生命周期內(nèi)相關(guān)的溫室氣體排放，這一概念最常被用于建筑行業(yè)，范圍可以包括原材料提取、材料運輸、材料浪費、建筑維護，以及建筑物停止使用后卻繼續(xù)產(chǎn)生的碳排放。聯(lián)合國《2022年全球狀況報告》顯示，建筑業(yè)占全球碳排放總量的37%，其中大部分（28%）來自建筑運營時造成的能耗碳排放，這意味著還有9%的碳排放容易被忽略，隱含碳正是為了強調(diào)這部分隱含在材料和制造過程中的碳排放而提出的概念。

Emissions allowances 排放配額

Carbon allowances are issued by a government under an emissions cap-and-trade regulatory program. Each allowance (or emissions permit) typically allows its owner to emit one tonne of a pollutant such as CO?e.Under a cap-and-trade system, the supply of GHG allowances is limited by the mandated ‘cap’. Allowances can be allocated freely by the governing program, be purchased when auctions are held, or be purchased from other entities that have excess.

碳配額是政府在排放上限和交易監(jiān)管計劃下發(fā)放的。每個配額（或排放許可證）通常允許其所有者排放一噸污染物，如CO?e。在排放上限和交易系統(tǒng)中，溫室氣體配額的供應(yīng)受到強制性的“上限”限制。這些配額可以由管理計劃免費分配，也可以在拍賣時購買，或者從其他有剩余的實體那里購買。

Emission factor 排放因子

Emissions factors have long been the fundamental tool in developing national, regional, state, and local emissions inventories for air quality management decisions and in developing emissions control strategies.An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution.

排放因子長期以來一直是制定國家、地區(qū)、州和地方排放清單以進行空氣質(zhì)量管理決策和制定排放控制策略的基本工具。排放因子是一個代表性值，試圖將釋放到大氣中的污染物的數(shù)量與與該污染物的釋放相關(guān)的活動聯(lián)系起來。這些因素通常表示為污染物的重量除以排放污染物的活動的單位重量、體積、距離或持續(xù)時間（例如，每兆燃煤排放的顆粒物千克數(shù)）。這些因素有助于估算各種空氣污染源的排放量。

Emissions trading（ET） 排放交易

Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Parties) have accepted targets for limiting or reducing emissions. These targets are expressed as levels of allowed emissions, or assigned amounts,at over the 2008-2012 commitment period. The allowed emissions are divided into assigned amount units (AAUs). Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. Thus, a new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the "carbon market". The other units which may be transferred under the scheme, each equal to one tonne of CO?, may be in the form of: A removal unit (RMU) on the basis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities such as reforestation; An emission reduction unit (ERU) generated by a joint implementation project; A certified emission reduction (CER) generated from a clean development mechanism project activity.

根據(jù)《京都議定書》作出承諾的締約方（附件 B 締約方）已接受限制或減少排放的目標。這些目標以 2008 年至 2012 年承諾期內(nèi)的允許排放水平或分配數(shù)量表示。允許的排放量分為分配數(shù)量單位（AAU）。 《京都議定書》第 17 條規(guī)定排放交易，允許國家將閑置排放單位（未使用的允許排放）出售給無法達到目標的國家。以減排或清除的形式創(chuàng)造了一種新商品，碳像任何其他商品一樣被追蹤和交易，這是所謂的“碳市場”。 碳市場的交易單位包括：去除單元（RMU）：基于土地利用、土地利用變化和林業(yè) (LULUCF) 重新造林等活動；減排單位（ERU）：由聯(lián)合執(zhí)行項目產(chǎn)生；經(jīng)認證的減排量 (CER)：產(chǎn)生于清潔發(fā)展機制項目活動。

Emission scenario 排放情景

A plausible representation of the future development of emissions of substances that are potentially radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols) based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such as demographic and socio-economic development, technological change, energy and land use) and their key relationships. Concentration scenarios, derived from emission scenarios, are used as input to a climate model to compute climate projections.( In IPCC (1992) a set of emission scenarios was presented which were used as a basis for the climate projections in IPCC (1996). These emission scenarios are referred to as the IS92 scenarios. )

排放情景是對輻射有潛在作用的物質(zhì)(如溫室氣體(GHG)、氣溶膠) 未來排放趨勢的合理表述，它是基于具有連貫性和內(nèi)部協(xié)調(diào)性的驅(qū)動因素(如人口統(tǒng)計、社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、技術(shù)變革、能源和土地利用)及其相互之間重要聯(lián)系所提出的一組假設(shè)。以排放情景為基礎(chǔ)得到的濃度情景用作氣候模式的輸入項，以計算出氣候預(yù)估結(jié)果。(IPCC(1992)提出的排放情景系列， 成為IPCC(1996)氣候預(yù)估的基礎(chǔ)，該系列排放情景被稱作IS92情景系列。)

Gate to gate 從大門到大門

The emissions and removals attributable to a studied product while it is under the ownership or control of the reporting company.

表示在報告公司擁有或控制的情況下，與所研究產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的排放和去除。

Global warming 全球變暖

Global warming is an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature that occurs when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases. These gases absorb more solar radiation and trap more heat, thus causing the planet to get hotter. Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, and farming livestock are some human activities that release greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming.

全球變暖是指當(dāng)大氣中溫室氣體的濃度增加時，地球平均表面溫度升高的現(xiàn)象。這些氣體吸收更多太陽輻射并捕獲更多熱量，從而使地球變得更熱。燃燒化石燃料、砍伐森林和養(yǎng)殖牲畜是一些釋放溫室氣體并導(dǎo)致全球變暖的人類活動。

Global warming potential（GWP） 全球變暖潛能

Index, based on radiative properties of greenhouse gases(GHGs) measuring the radiative forcing following a pulse emission of a unit mass of a given GHG in the present-day atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO?). Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) publishes and regularly updates GWP values for various time horizons, including 20, 100 and 500 years.

全球變暖潛能，該指數(shù)基于溫室氣體（GHGs）的輻射特性，測量在當(dāng)前大氣條件下，相對于二氧化碳（CO?)，特定GHG單位質(zhì)量的脈沖排放在選擇的時間范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的輻射強迫。 注釋1：聯(lián)合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）定期發(fā)布不同時間范圍內(nèi)的全球增溫潛勢（GWP）值，包括20年、100年和500年。

Greenhouse gas GHG 溫室氣體

Gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds.

溫室氣體，大氣中的氣體成分，包括自然來源和人為排放的，能夠在地球表面、大氣層和云層發(fā)出的紅外輻射譜段內(nèi)吸收和輻射特定波長的輻射。

Greenhouse gas emissions 溫室氣體排放

Release of a GHG into the atmosphere.

向大氣中釋放溫室氣體。

Greenhouse gas programme（GHG programme） 溫室氣體項目

Voluntary or mandatory international, national or subnational system or scheme that registers, accounts or manages GHG emissions, GHG removals , GHG emission reductions or GHG removal enhancements.

自愿或強制性的國際、國家或次國家體系或計劃，用于登記、核算或管理溫室氣體排放（GHG emissions）、溫室氣體去除（GHG removals）、溫室氣體減排（GHG emission reductions）或溫室氣體去除增強（GHG removal enhancements ）。

Greenhouse gas emission reduction（GHG emission reduction） 溫室氣體減排

Decrease in GHG emissions quantified between two points in time or relative to a baseline.

溫室氣體排放（GHG emission）在兩個時間點之間或相對于基準（baseline）減少的數(shù)量。

Greenhouse gas removal (GHG removal) 溫室氣體去除

Process that removes a GHG from the atmosphere. (Note 1 to entry: A process can be natural or anthropogenic.）

從大氣中去除溫室氣體的過程（這個過程可以是自然的也可以是人為的）。

Greenhouse gas sink (GHG sink) 溫室氣體匯

Withdrawal of a GHG from the atmosphere by a GHG sink.（Note 1 to entry: Examples of ways in which GHG removals can be achieved include reforestation, carbon sequestration in soils, sustainable bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and direct air carbon capture and storage.）

通過溫室氣體匯(GHG sink)從大氣中吸收溫室氣體。（實現(xiàn)溫室氣體去除的方式包括重新造林、土壤中的碳封存、具有碳捕獲和儲存的可持續(xù)生物能源，以及直接空氣碳捕獲和儲存。）

Greenwashing 漂綠

Greenwashing refers to situations where a company makes misleading claims about their positive environmental impact or the sustainability of their products and services to convince consumers that they are acting on climate change. In some cases, greenwashing can be unintentional, because of lack of knowledge on environmental issues. However, it can also be carried out intentionally as a marketing and public relations exercise, exploiting public support towards environmental policies for profit.

漂綠是指公司就其對氣候變化采取的積極環(huán)保行動或其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的可持續(xù)性做出誤導(dǎo)性宣稱，以使消費者認為他們正在應(yīng)對氣候變化。在某些情況下，漂綠可能是無意的，因為缺乏對環(huán)境問題的了解。然而，它也可以作為一種營銷和公共關(guān)系活動有意進行，利用公眾對環(huán)保政策的支持來獲利。

Indirect emissions 間接排放

GHG emission that is a consequence of, and within the boundary of, the subject , but that arises from GHG sources that are not owned or controlled by the entity. Note 1 to entry: These emissions occur generally in the upstream and/or downstream value chain of the subject.

間接排放，因主體而產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體排放，位于主體邊界內(nèi)，但源自實體未擁有或控制的溫室氣體源。（這些排放通常發(fā)生在主體的上游和/或下游價值鏈（value chain）中。）

Intergovernmental panel on climate change（IPCC） 氣候變化政府間專門委員會

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an independent body founded under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The IPCC’s main role is to assess the scientific literature and findings on climate change and provide vital scientific information and evidenced-based recommendations to policymakers and the public. It is widely recognized as the most credible source of information related to the science of climate change and its complex analysis of impacts, risks, and adaptation and mitigation option.

氣候變化政府間專門委員會（IPCC）是在世界氣象組織（WMO）和聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署（UNEP）的支持下成立的獨立機構(gòu)。 IPCC的主要職責(zé)是評估關(guān)于氣候變化的科學(xué)文獻和研究結(jié)果，并向決策者和公眾提供重要的科學(xué)信息和基于證據(jù)的建議。它被廣泛認為是有關(guān)氣候變化科學(xué)及其對影響、風(fēng)險以及適應(yīng)和減緩選項復(fù)雜分析的最可靠信息源。

Joint implementation 聯(lián)合履行

The mechanism known as "joint implementation", defined in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal project in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one tonne of CO?, which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto target. Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from foreign investment and technology transfer.

被稱為“聯(lián)合履行”的機制在《京都議定書》第6條中定義。該機制允許在《京都議定書》下具有排放減少或限制承諾的國家（附件B方）通過在另一個附件B方進行的減排或排放清除項目中獲得等同于一噸CO?的減排量單位（ERUs），這些單位可以計入其京都目標的達成。 聯(lián)合實施為各方提供了一種靈活且成本效益的方式，用以履行其京都承諾的一部分，而且東道國可以從外國投資和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓中受益。

Kyoto protocol（KP） 京都議定書

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 February 2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.In short, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. The Convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to report periodically. The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principles and provisions of the Convention and follows its annex-based structure. It only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities”, because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere.In its Annex B, the Kyoto Protocol sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and economies in transition and the European Union. Overall, these targets add up to an average 5 per cent emission reduction compared to 1990 levels over the five year period 2008–2012 (the first commitment period).

《京都議定書》于1997年12月11日獲得通過。由于批準過程復(fù)雜，該公約于2005年2月16日生效。目前《京都議定書》有192個締約方。簡而言之,《京都議定書》通過使工業(yè)化國家和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體承諾根據(jù)商定的具體目標限制和減少溫室氣體（GHG）排放，落實《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》?！豆s》本身只要求這些國家采取減緩政策和措施，并定期報告。 京都議定書》以《公約》的原則和規(guī)定為基礎(chǔ)，并遵循其基于附件的構(gòu)架。它只對發(fā)達國家有約束力，并根據(jù)“共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任和各自能力”原則，要求發(fā)達國家承擔(dān)更多責(zé)任，因為《京都議定書》認定發(fā)達國家對目前大氣中溫室氣體排放量負有主要責(zé)任?！毒┒甲h定書》在其附件B中為37個工業(yè)化國家和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體以及歐洲聯(lián)盟設(shè)定了具有約束力的減排目標。總體而言，在2008年至2012年（第一承諾期）的五年時間里，這些目標將在1990年排放水平上平均減排5%。

Leakage 泄漏

Phenomena whereby the reduction in emissions (relative to a baseline) in a jurisdiction/sector associated with the implementation of mitigation policy is offset to some degree by an increase outside the jurisdiction/sector through induced changes in consumption, production, prices, land use and/or trade across the jurisdictions/sectors. Leakage can occur at a number of levels, be it a project, state, province, nation or world region. In the context of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), CO? leakage refers to the escape of injected carbon dioxide (CO?) from the storage location and eventual release to the atmosphere. In the context of other substances, the term is used more generically, such as for methane (CH?) leakage (e.g., from fossil fuel extraction activities) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) leakage (e.g., from refrigeration and airconditioning systems).

在執(zhí)行減緩政策時，某一轄區(qū)/部門(與某一基線相比較)減排量在某種程度上被該轄區(qū)/部門外的排放增加量所抵消的現(xiàn)象，而這種增排是由轄區(qū)/部門之間消費、生產(chǎn)、價格、土地利用和貿(mào)易的變化造成。無論是一個項目、一個州、一個省、一個國家，還是世界上的一個區(qū)域，多個層面都可能發(fā)生泄漏現(xiàn)象。 在二氧化碳捕獲和封存(CCS)的介紹中，CO?泄漏是指注入的二氧化碳(CO?)從存儲位置最終釋放到大氣中的逃逸。 在談到其它物質(zhì)的情況下，該術(shù)語涵蓋的范圍更寬泛，例如指甲烷(CH?)泄漏(例如，從化石燃料的開采活動)，和氫氟烴 (HFC)泄漏(例如，從制冷和空調(diào)系統(tǒng))。

Life cycle 生命周期

Consecutive and interlinked stages related to a product, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to end-of-life treatment. Note 1 to entry: “Raw material” is defined in ISO 14040:2006, 3.15. Note 2 to entry: Stages of a life cycle related to a product include raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use and end-of-life treatment.

與產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的連續(xù)且相互關(guān)聯(lián)的階段，從原材料采集或從自然資源生成到生命周期結(jié)束處理。 注1："原材料"在ISO 14040:2006,3.15中有定義。 注2：與產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的生命周期階段包括原材料采集、生產(chǎn)、分銷、使用和生命周期結(jié)束處理。

Life cycle assessment (LCA) 生命周期評估

Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. Note 1 to entry: “Environmental impact” is defined in ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.4.

對產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)在其整個生命周期內(nèi)的輸入、輸出和潛在環(huán)境影響進行匯編和評估。 注1：“環(huán)境影響”在ISO 14001:2015,3.2.4中有定義。

Long-term strategies (LTS) 長期戰(zhàn)略

In the context of the international Paris Agreement on climate change, a long-term strategy is a formal document a country uses to communicate its plans for long-term low-emission development. Long-term strategies (also called “l(fā)ong-term low GHG emissions development strategies”) are central to achieving the goal of reaching net-zero emissions, limiting warming and preventing some of the worst impacts of climate change. Countries can use these strategies to set out long-term goals for climate and development and direct the short-term decision-making that is needed to achieve net-zero emissions and climate-resilient economies.

在國際氣候變化《巴黎協(xié)定》的背景下，長期戰(zhàn)略（也稱為“長期低溫室氣體排放發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略”）是一個國家用來傳達其長期低排放發(fā)展計劃的正式文件。 長期戰(zhàn)略對于實現(xiàn)凈零排放、限制變暖和防止氣候變化的一些最嚴重影響的目標至關(guān)重要。各國可以利用這些戰(zhàn)略制定氣候與發(fā)展的長期目標，并指導(dǎo)實現(xiàn)凈零排放和氣候適應(yīng)型經(jīng)濟所需的短期決策。

Mitigation 減緩

Climate change mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses, or people to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, or to enhance carbon sinks that remove these gases from the atmosphere. Reducing or preventing greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved by transitioning to renewable energy sources like wind and solar, using energy more efficiently, adopting low carbon or carbon-free transportation modalities, promoting sustainable agriculture and land use, and changing production and consumption models and diet behaviors. Enhancing carbon sinks can be achieved by restoring forests, wetlands, and marshlands, maintaining soil health, and protecting terrestrial and marine ecosystem.

氣候變化減緩指的是政府、企業(yè)或個人采取的任何行動，旨在減少或防止溫室氣體排放，或增強能夠?qū)⑦@些氣體從大氣中去除的碳匯。 通過過渡到風(fēng)能和太陽能等可再生能源、更有效地使用能源、采用低碳或無碳的交通方式、推動可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)和土地利用，以及改變生產(chǎn)和消費模式和飲食習(xí)慣，可以實現(xiàn)減少或防止溫室氣體排放。通過恢復(fù)森林、濕地和沼澤地、保持土壤健康以及保護陸地和海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，可以增強碳匯。

Nationally determined contribution（NDC） 國家自主貢獻

A term used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) whereby a country that has joined the Paris Agreement outlines its plans for reducing its emissions. Some countries NDCs also address how they will adapt to climate change impacts, and what support they need from, or will provide to, other countries to adopt low-carbon pathways and to build climate resilience. According to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs that it intends to achieve. In the lead up to the 21st Conference of the Parties in Paris in 2015, countries submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). As countries join the Paris Agreement, unless they decide otherwise, this INDC becomes their first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).

“國家自主貢獻”（Nationally Determined Contribution，NDC）是在聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約（UNFCCC）下使用的術(shù)語，用于描述已加入《巴黎協(xié)定》的國家關(guān)于減少排放計劃的詳細內(nèi)容。一些國家的NDC還包括它們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對氣候變化的影響，以及它們需要或?qū)⑾蚱渌麌姨峁┖畏N支持，以采納低碳途徑并增強氣候韌性。根據(jù)《巴黎協(xié)定》第4條第2款的規(guī)定，每一締約方都應(yīng)制定、傳達和維護其打算實現(xiàn)的一系列NDC。在2015年巴黎協(xié)定第21次締約方大會之前，各國提交了“國家自定貢獻預(yù)案”（Intended Nationally Determined Contributions，INDCs）。隨著國家加入《巴黎協(xié)定》，除非它們另有決定，否則這些INDC將成為它們的首次國家自主確定的貢獻（NDC）。

National adaptation plans（NAPs） 國家適應(yīng)計劃

National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) help countries plan and implement actions to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and strengthen adaptive capacity and resilience. NAPs link to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other national and sectoral policies and programmes. For NAPs to be successful, they need to be participatory, inclusive, gender-responsive, and transparent. This means that at the design stage, NAPs need to evaluate the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different groups in the country, paying particular attention to those most vulnerable to climate change impacts and involving them in developing and implementing strategies and programmes.

國家適應(yīng)計劃（NAPs）幫助國家規(guī)劃和實施行動，以減少對氣候變化影響的脆弱性，增強適應(yīng)能力和抵御力。NAPs與國家自主貢獻（NDCs）以及其他國家和部門的政策和計劃相連接。 國家行動方案要取得成功，就必須具有參與性、包容性、促進性別平等和透明度。這意味著在設(shè)計階段，NAPs需要評估國家內(nèi)不同群體的具體需求和脆弱性，特別關(guān)注那些最容易受到氣候變化影響的人，并讓他們參與制定和實施策略和計劃。

Net zero 凈零

Reaching net zero requires us to ensure that carbon dioxide emissions from human activity are balanced by human efforts to remove carbon dioxide emissions (for example, by creating carbon sinks to absorb carbon dioxide) - thereby stopping further increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Transitioning to net zero requires a complete transformation of our energy, transportation, and production and consumption systems. This is necessary to avert the worst consequences of climate change. To keep global warming below 1.5° C, the world’s governments need to ensure that all greenhouse gas emissions peak by 2025, and reach net zero in the second half of this century. The IPCC hasrecommended to reduce CO?emissions globally by 45% before 2030(compared to 2010 levels) and reach net zero by mid-century.

凈零排放要求我們確保人類活動的二氧化碳排放與人類清除二氧化碳排放的努力相平衡（例如，通過建立碳匯來吸收二氧化碳），從而阻止大氣中溫室氣體濃度的進一步增加。 過渡到凈零排放需要我們能源、交通以及生產(chǎn)和消費系統(tǒng)的徹底轉(zhuǎn)型。這對于避免氣候變化的最壞后果是必要的。 為了將全球變暖控制在1.5攝氏度以下，全球各國政府需要確保所有溫室氣體排放在2025年達到峰值，并在本世紀下半葉達到凈零。IPCC建議在2030年之前全球?qū)⒍趸寂欧帕繙p少45%（與2010年水平相比），并在本世紀中葉實現(xiàn)凈零排放。

Offsetting 抵消

Counterbalancing of the carbon footprint, by retiring a carbon credit(s). Note 1 to entry: The final step in the process of offsetting is to retire the carbon credits in a public registry by, or on behalf of, the entity . Some registries use “to cancel” as synonymous with “to retire” and the terms are effectively interchangeable. The two terms “retire” and “cancel” result in the same outcome of ensuring that the carbon credits cannot be used again or be further traded.

通過注銷碳信用（或碳信用）來抵消碳足跡。 注釋1：抵消過程的最后一步是通過實體（entity）或代表實體在公共登記處（public registry）中注銷碳信用。一些登記簿使用“取消”作為“注銷”的同義詞，這兩個術(shù)語在實際中可以互換使用。這兩個術(shù)語“注銷”和“取消”都會產(chǎn)生相同的結(jié)果，確保碳信用不能再次使用或進行進一步的交易。

Paris Agreement 巴黎協(xié)定

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty aiming to limit global warming to well below 2° C, preferably to 1.5° C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It was adopted by 196 Parties in 2015 at COP21 in Paris and entered into force in 2016. The Paris Agreement is a landmark achievement in international cooperation on climate change because it is a binding agreement for all Parties to scale up efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. It also provides the instruments for developed nations to assist developing nations in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, while creating a framework for transparent monitoring and reporting of results.

《巴黎協(xié)定》是一項具有法律約束力的國際條約，旨在將全球變暖控制在比工業(yè)化前水平低2攝氏度以下，最好是1.5攝氏度以內(nèi)。該協(xié)定于2015年在巴黎的第21次締約方大會（COP21）上被196個締約方通過，并于2016年生效。 《巴黎協(xié)定》是國際合作應(yīng)對氣候變化的里程碑成就，因為它是一個對所有締約方都具有約束力的協(xié)定，要求它們加大應(yīng)對氣候變化和適應(yīng)其影響的努力。它還為發(fā)達國家提供了協(xié)助發(fā)展中國家進行氣候減緩和適應(yīng)工作的工具，同時建立了一個透明監(jiān)測和報告成果的框架。

Programme of activities（PoA） 活動規(guī)劃

A voluntary coordinated action by a private or public entity which coordinates and implements any policy/measure or stated goal (i.e. incentive schemes and voluntary programmes) that leads to GHG emission reductions or net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the PoA, via an unlimited number of CPAs.

指由私人或公共實體自愿協(xié)調(diào)并實施任何政策/措施或規(guī)定目標（即激勵計劃和自愿計劃）的協(xié)調(diào)行動，該行動旨在通過無限數(shù)量的CPAs（承諾履行方案）實現(xiàn)溫室氣體減排或凈人為溫室氣體去除，這些去除是相對于在沒有該方案的情況下會發(fā)生的任何去除而言的。

Project participant 項目參與方

A Party involved, or a private and/or public entity authorized by the DNA of a Party involved, that participates in a CDM project activity or PoA, as applicable.

項目參與方，指參與一個清潔發(fā)展機制（CDM）項目活動或相應(yīng)的項目設(shè)計文件（PoA）的一方，或者是由該一方的國家指定機構(gòu)（DNA）授權(quán)的私人和/或公共實體。

Public registry 公共登記處

Information system that makes available to stakeholders details of carbon credits issued. Note 1 to entry: A public registry includes the serial numbers, ownership and retirement status of carbon credits. Note 2 to entry: A public registry can be maintained by a carbon crediting programme or by a third party.

向利益相關(guān)方提供已發(fā)行碳信用詳細信息的信息系統(tǒng)。 注釋1：公共登記簿包括碳信用（carbon credits）的序列號、所有權(quán)和注銷狀態(tài)。 注釋2：公共登記簿可以由碳信用計劃（carbon crediting programme）或第三方維護。

Reforestation 重新造林

Reforestation is the process of replanting trees in areas that had recent tree cover but where forests were lost, due to wildfires, drought, disease, or human activity such as agricultural clearing.

是在曾經(jīng)有樹木覆蓋但由于野火、干旱、疾病或人類活動（如農(nóng)業(yè)清理）而失去森林的區(qū)域重新種植樹木的過程。

Remaining carbon budget 剩余碳預(yù)算

Estimated cumulative net global anthropogenic CO?emissions from the start of 2018 to the time that anthropogenic CO?emissions reach net zero that would result, at some probability, in limiting global warming to a given level, accounting for the impact of other anthropogenic emissions.

這是指自2018年初至人為CO?排放凈零的時間，經(jīng)過一定概率考慮其他人為排放的影響，估計的全球人為CO?累積凈排放量，以限制全球變暖在某個特定水平。

Registration 注冊

The formal acceptance by the Board of a proposed CDM project activity or PoA validated by a DOE as a CDM project activity or PoA, as applicable. Registration is the prerequisite for the verification, certification and issuance of CERs, lCERs or tCERs, as applicable, related to that CDM project activity or PoA.

注冊，指執(zhí)行理事會（ED）或國家規(guī)定的管理機構(gòu)正式接受一個經(jīng)確認合格的項目活動為一項碳匯交易機制項目活動。注冊是核實、核證及頒發(fā)與這一項目活動相關(guān)的經(jīng)核證排減量(CERs) 、國家核證減排量(CCER)的先決條件。

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) 減少毀林和森林退化所致排放量

An effort to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development (SD). It is therefore a mechanism for mitigation that results from avoiding deforestation. REDD+ goes beyond reforestation and forest degradation and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. The concept was first introduced in 2005 in the 11th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Montreal and later given greater recognition in the 13th Session of the COP in 2007 at Bali and inclusion in the Bali Action Plan which called for ‘policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stock in developing countries’. Since then, support for REDD has increased and has slowly become a framework for action supported by a number of countries.

為發(fā)展中國家提供激勵措施，使其減少森林土地的排放，并投資于低碳可持續(xù)發(fā)展(SD)路徑，從而為儲存在森林中的碳創(chuàng)造金融價值的做法，所以也是一種通過避免毀林實現(xiàn)減緩的機制。 REDD+比再造林和森林退化更為廣泛，包括森林保護和可持續(xù)管理及加強森林碳儲存的作用。這個概念第一次提出是在2005年蒙特利爾召開的第11次締約方大會(COP)上，2007年在巴厘島召開的第13次COP更加認可了這個概念并將其納入了“巴厘島行動計劃”，呼吁制定“關(guān)于減少發(fā)展中國家毀林和森林退化所致排放量(REDD)和發(fā)展中國家森林保護、森林可持續(xù)管理及加強森林碳儲存作用相關(guān)事務(wù)的政策方法和積極的激勵措施”。從那之后，對REDD的支持力度加大而且慢慢變成了一個由許多國家支持的行動框架。

Regenerative agriculture 再生農(nóng)業(yè)

Regenerative agriculture is a way of farming that nurtures and restores soil health, and therefore reduces water use, prevents land degradation, and promotes biodiversity. By minimizing land ploughing, practicing rotating crops, and using animal manure and compost, regenerative agriculture ensures that the soil stores more carbon, conserves more moisture, and is healthier due to thriving fungal communities. Intensive agriculture is responsible for a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, uses 70 percent of the fresh water we consume, and leads to soil degradation through its use of heavy machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. It is also the biggest contributor to biodiversity loss. By contrast, regenerative agriculture helps lower greenhouse gas emissions, conserves water, and restores land. Moreover, healthy soil produces more food and better nutrition and has other positive impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity.

再生農(nóng)業(yè)是一種培育和恢復(fù)土壤健康的耕作方式，從而降低水使用量，防止土地退化，促進生物多樣性。通過減少耕地、輪作農(nóng)作物以及使用動物糞便和堆肥，再生農(nóng)業(yè)確保土壤儲存更多碳，保留更多濕氣，并因繁茂的菌群而更健康。 密集農(nóng)業(yè)占據(jù)全球溫室氣體排放的三分之一，使用了我們消耗的淡水的70％，并通過使用重型機械、化學(xué)肥料和殺蟲劑導(dǎo)致土壤退化。它也是生物多樣性喪失的最大原因。相比之下，再生農(nóng)業(yè)有助于降低溫室氣體排放，節(jié)約水資源并恢復(fù)土地。此外，健康的土壤能產(chǎn)生更多的食物和更好的營養(yǎng)，對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生物多樣性產(chǎn)生其他積極影響。

Resilience 復(fù)原力

Climate resilience is the capacity of a community or environment to anticipate and manage climate impacts, minimize their damage, and recover and transform as needed after the initial shock.

氣候復(fù)原力是指社區(qū)或環(huán)境在最初的沖擊后，預(yù)測和管理氣候影響、最大限度地減少其損害以及根據(jù)需要恢復(fù)和轉(zhuǎn)變的能力。

Report period 報告期

Specific historical period selected for the determination of carbon neutrality

報告期，用于確定碳中和的特定時期。

Scope 1 - Direct GHG emissions 范圍一 直接溫室氣體排放

A reporting organization’s direct GHG emissions, for example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process equipment.

企業(yè)直接排放的溫室氣體，例如公司擁有或控制的鍋爐、熔爐、 車輛等產(chǎn)生的燃燒排放 ；擁有或控制的工藝設(shè)備進行化工生產(chǎn)所產(chǎn)生的排放。

Scope 2 - Electricity indirect GHG emissions 范圍二 電力產(chǎn)生的間接溫室氣體排放

A reporting organization’s emissions associated with the generation of electricity, heating/ cooling, or steam purchased for own consumption.

企業(yè)外購電力、供熱 / 制冷，或蒸汽自用而產(chǎn)生的間接排放量。

Scope 3 - Other indirect GHG emissions 范圍三 其他間接溫室氣體排放

Scope 3 is an optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Some examples of scope 3 activities are extraction and production of purchased materials; transportation of purchased fuels; and use of sold products and services.

除了范圍二以外的其他間接溫室氣體排放量。例如，開采和生產(chǎn)采購的原料、運輸采購的燃料，以及售出產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的使用。

Science Based Targets initiative（SBTi） 科學(xué)基準目標倡議

The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a global body enabling businesses and financial institutions to set ambitious emissions reductions targets in line with climate science. It is focused on accelerating companies across the world to halve emissions before 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions before 2050. The initiative is a collaboration between four of the world’s most respected environmental organizations: CDP, the United Nations (UN) Global Compact, World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and one of the We Mean Business Coalition commitments. The SBTi defines and promotes best practice in science-based target (SBT) setting, offers resources and guidance to reduce barriers to adoption, and independently assesses and approves companies’ targets.

科學(xué)基準目標倡議（SBTi）是一個全球性機構(gòu)，使企業(yè)和金融機構(gòu)能夠根據(jù)氣候科學(xué)設(shè)定雄心勃勃的減排目標。其重點是推動全球各公司在2030年之前將排放減半，并在2050年之前實現(xiàn)凈零排放。 該倡議是由全球四個最受尊敬的環(huán)保組織共同合作發(fā)起的，包括CDP、聯(lián)合國全球契約、世界資源研究所（WRI）和世界自然基金會（WWF），以及We Mean Business Coalition的承諾之一。 SBTi明確并推動科學(xué)基準目標（SBT）設(shè)定的最佳實踐，提供資源和指導(dǎo)以減少采用的障礙，并獨立評估和批準公司的目標。

Sustainable development goals Goals（SDGs）可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability. Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

2015年，聯(lián)合國通過了被稱為可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標（SDGs）或全球目標的倡議，作為結(jié)束貧困、保護地球和確保到2030年所有人享有和平與繁榮的普遍行動呼吁。 這17個可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標（SDGs）是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的——它們承認在一個領(lǐng)域采取的行動會影響其他領(lǐng)域的結(jié)果，并且發(fā)展必須在社會、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境可持續(xù)性之間取得平衡。 各國承諾優(yōu)先考慮那些處于最貧困狀況的人們的進展。SDGs的目標旨在消除貧困、饑餓、艾滋病，以及消除對婦女和女孩的歧視。

Tipping point 臨界點

A tipping point is a threshold after which certain changes caused by global warming and climate change become irreversible, even if future interventions are successful in driving down average global temperatures. These changes may lead to abrupt and dangerous impacts with very serious implications for the future of humanity and our planet. As the world gets hotter, several tipping points are becoming very likely. One of them is the collapse of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, which would lead to significant sea level rise and threaten coastal communities and ecosystems. Another is the thawing of the permafrost in the tundra regions, which will release huge quantities of trapped greenhouse gases, further accelerating global warming and climate change. Mass coral bleaching events and the destruction of rainforests are two other major tipping points with immense implications for both biodiversity and human societies.

臨界點是指全球變暖和氣候變化引起的某些變化在超過某一閾值后變得不可逆，即使未來的干預(yù)能夠成功降低全球平均溫度。這些變化可能導(dǎo)致突然且危險的影響，對人類和地球的未來產(chǎn)生非常嚴重的影響。

Transparency 透明

Under the Paris Agreement, countries must regularly report on the implementation of their Nationally Determined Contributions. It is crucial that this reporting is done with transparency to allow the global community to accurately assess collective progress and build trust that everyone is playing their part. Transparent reporting allows governments and international bodies to have access to reliable data and make evidence-based decisions. It also enhances our scientific understanding of climate change and the actions and policies needed to mitigate it and adapt to its impacts. Ultimately, transparency is key to unlocking the full potential of the Paris Agreement, by promoting trust, collaboration and knowledge transfer and encouraging further ambition on climate targets.

根據(jù)《巴黎協(xié)定》，各國必須定期報告其國家自主貢獻的實施情況。至關(guān)重要的是，這些報告保證透明，以便全球社區(qū)能夠準確評估集體進展并建立信任，確保每個國家都在履行其責(zé)任。 透明的報告使政府和國際組織能夠獲得可靠的數(shù)據(jù)，并做出基于證據(jù)的決策。它還增強了我們對氣候變化及其減緩和適應(yīng)所需的行動和政策的科學(xué)理解。歸根結(jié)底，透明度是釋放《巴黎協(xié)定》全部潛力的關(guān)鍵，它可以促進信任、合作和知識轉(zhuǎn)移，并鼓勵在氣候目標上進一步采取雄心勃勃的行動。

UNFCCC 聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted in 1992 to combat dangerous human interference with the climate system. It entered into force in 1994 and enjoys near universal membership, having been signed by 198 parties. It is the parent treaty of both the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol. The UNFCCC secretariat is the United Nations entity tasked with supporting the global response to the threat of climate change. The secretariat facilitates intergovernmental climate change negotiations by organizing between two and four negotiating sessions each year, the largest and most important of which is the Conference of the Parties (COP). It also provides technical expertise and assists in the analysis and review of climate change information and maintains the registry of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).

《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）是一項于1992年通過的國際環(huán)境條約，旨在打擊人類對氣候系統(tǒng)的危險干預(yù)。該公約于1994年生效，幾乎得到了全球范圍內(nèi)的普遍參與，已被198個締約方簽署。它是《巴黎協(xié)定》和《京都議定書》的母公約（parent treaty）。 UNFCCC秘書處是聯(lián)合國負責(zé)支持全球應(yīng)對氣候變化威脅的實體。秘書處通過每年組織兩到四次磋商會議（其中最大、最重要的是締約方大會COP）來促進政府間的氣候變化談判。它還提供技術(shù)專業(yè)知識，協(xié)助分析和審查氣候變化信息，并維護《國家自主貢獻》（NDC）的注冊表。